ABSTRACT
The Covid-19, a threatening pandemic, was originated from China in December 2019 and spread quickly to all over the world. The pathogenesis of coronavirus is linked with the disproportionate response of the immune system. This involves the systemic inflammatory reaction which is characterized by marked pro-inflammatory cytokine release commonly known as cytokine release storm (CRS). The pro inflammatory cytokines are involved in cascade of pulmonary inflammation, hyper coagulation and thrombosis which may be lethal for the individual. That's why, it is very important to have understanding of pro inflammatory cytokines and their pathological role in SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis of Covid is not the same in every individual, it can vary due to the presence of pre-existing comorbidities like suffering from already an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an immune-compromised patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Tuberculosis (TB) are more vulnerable morbidity and complications following COVID-19. This review is particularly related to COVID-19 patients having comorbidity of other inflammatory diseases. We have discussed the brief pathogenesis of COVID-19 and cytokines release storm with reference to other co-morbidities including RA, IBD, COPD, DM and TB. The available therapeutic regimens for COVID-19 including cytokine inhibitors, anti-viral, anti-biotic, bronchodilators, JAK- inhibitors, immunomodulators and anti-fibrotic agents have also been discussed briefly. Moreover, newly emerging medicines in the clinical trials have also been discussed which are found to be effective in treating Covid-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Comorbidity , Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy , Cytokines , Humans , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The pandemic of Covid-19 has resulted in more significant global problems in terms of food security due to movement control orders (MCO) executed around the world. Malaysia has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and has slowed down the activities of economic sectors, including the agriculture sector. Therefore, this paper discussed in depth the impact of the Covid- 19 pandemic on food security in Malaysia, especially in terms of food supply and demand. This study used qualitative method involving analysis of formal and informal documents to obtain information on food security during the Covid-19 pandemic. During the MCO, local farmers faced with agricultural produce dumping due to the close of several support sectors such as retail, transportation, and food services. The agricultural supply chain was also affected due to a lack of agricultural inputs and a shortage of labor. This situation is worsened by the inadequacy of food storage facilities which has caused damage to agricultural produce. The demand for food among the community continued to increase during the MCO due to the panic-buying. This study also highlighted several suggestions toward improving the stability of food security in order for the country to withstand any crisis.
ABSTRACT
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